Thursday, November 28, 2019
Essay Sample - Strengths of the Adversarial System an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by
Strengths of the Adversarial System by Expert Tutor Maya | 27 Jul 2016 In the Adversarial System the courtroom is compared to a battlefield with the state as the prosecution and the accused and his lawyer as the defending party each praying that the court will believe their side of the controversy. In this system, the state, represented by the state prosecutor, leads the prosecution of the case. The state prosecutor seeks to prove that the accused is guilty of the crime beyond reasonable doubt. The accused on the other hand does not need to prove his innocence since he is already entitled to a constitutional presumption of innocence. Both parties are given their respective opportunity to present pieces of evidence and to present relevant laws so as to persuade the neutral judge. Need essay sample on "Strengths of the Adversarial System" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed College Students Very Often Tell EssayLab writers: How much do I have to pay someone to write my paper today? Essay writers advise: Proceed With Order Now Websites To Help Write a College Essay Order an Essay Online Where to Pay for Papers Written Cheap Essays The adversarial system offers the greater opportunity for the litigants to establish their own case without under interference by any other party. If the prosecution wins that is because they were able to rebut the constitutional presumption of innocence and that they were able to adduce proof that the accused is indeed guilty of the crime charged. On the other hand, if the case against the defendant is dismissed then that is because either the accused is innocent of the crime charged or that the prosecutions evidence was weak and that they were not able to prove rebut the constitutional presumption of innocence. Either way, the determination of truth is mainly in the hands of the disputing parties. In the adversarial system, the theory is that no party has the upper hand. This means that though the injured party has the entire machinery of the state on his hand to help him in the prosecution of the accused, the accused however has the constitutional presumption of innocence. In the beginning, he does not really have to do anything because of this presumption since the burden of proof is upon the prosecution. It is only when in the course of the trial, the prosecution has successfully overcome this constitutional presumption that the burden of proof shifts to the defendant. When this happens he must adduce evidence to prove his claim so that the burden of proof will once against shift to the prosecution. The equality in the adversarial system between the disputing parties is manifested in the fact that the court frowns upon any surprise tactic during trial. The court does not allow any surprises that may be utilized by one of the parties to throw the other party off guard. It is because of this reason that the methods of discovery procedure are available to both parties. The discovery procedure aims to encourage the parties to lay their cards on the table so that no undue advantage is given to either party. The eyewitness testimony is one of the most frequently used evidence during trial. Though it is one of the most unreliable, juror and judges however rely on them for their decisions. The unreliability of eyewitness testimony has been the subject of research by many scientists, among them Gary Wells. Citing Scheck (2000), Wells states that more than 100 people who were convicted prior to the advent of forensic DNA have now been exonerated by DNA tests, and more than 75% of these people were victims of mistaken eyewitness identification. The adversarial system seeks to reduce if not totally eliminate the possibility that an accused may be convicted because of the errors or biases of a witness in view of the order in the presentation of evidence wherein the prosecution and the defense are given the opportunity to present their evidence and at the same time be given the opportunity to challenge the evidence presented by the opposing party. In the adversarial system, the order in the presentation of individual witness starts with the direct examination, followed by the cross-examination, the re-direct examination and the re-cross examination. Also, as a system, the adversarial system is more cost-effective system compared to the inquisitorial system. To reiterate the role of the judge or the jury here is merely to appreciate the evidence and the rule of law presented by the disputing parties. They are not burdened with the duty of looking for the evidence that is not only time consuming and costly for the state but it detracts the mind away of the magistrate from the its more important function which is its duty to adjudicate the dispute. In the adversarial system, the magistrates or the jurys function is more concentrated on its function of hearing the parties and giving the decision. References: Skolnick, Paul.(2004) Sex differences, weapon focus, and eyewitness reliability. The Journal of Social Psychology. August 11, 1994 Wells, Garry and Olson, Elizabeth. (2003) Eyewitness Testimony. Annual Review of Psychology.
Sunday, November 24, 2019
Ntpc Ltd The WritePass Journal
Ntpc Ltd Conclusion Ntpc Ltd  Executive summary2. Statement of purpose3. Introduction3.1What is Human Resource?3.2 Human resource management (HRM) in an organizationIn simple words it can also be defined as administrative  activities associated with human resources planning, recruitment, selection, orientation, training, appraisal, motivation, remuneration, etc. HRM aims at developing people through work. 3.3 Strategy and Human Resource4. Main body4.1COMPANY PROFILE- NATIONAL THERMAL POWER CORPORATION LIMITED (NTPC)CORE VALUES (B-COMIT):CORPORATE OBJECTIVES:VISION 2017: 4.2 JOB SATISFACTION AND ITS IMPORTANCE4.3 APPROACHES TO STUDY JOB SATISFACTION4.4 JOB SATISFACTION AT NTPC4.5 FACTORS INFLUENCING JOB SATISFACTION     Communication-     Culture-     Leadership-     Working condition-     Rewards and recognition-     Superior –subordinate relationship-     Training-5 THEORIES ON JOB SATISFACTIOn 5.1HERZBERG’S TWO FACTOR THEORY5.2 MASLOW’S HIERACHY OF NEEDS5.3 ERG Theory6 Method of collecting dataConclusion8  Main ObservationsCommunication- Culture-LeadershipOpportunities-Job design-Working condition-Training- Rewards and recognition-Superior- subordinate relationship-Team work- RecommendationReferencesRelated  Executive summary The company’s most valuable assets are its people, based in all concerns of the country. Organizations invest in measuring employee opinions and attitudes by incorporating employee satisfaction survey. NTPC ltd had introduced a frequent and continuous employee feedback processes so as to retain and develop their most valuable assets. The world of business has changed rapidly and the limitations of the markets are not restricted only to regional or national but have now reached on international level. The business world has changed rapidly towards progression and shall continue to do so as technology becomes more advanced and available. Since the world has changed so much it is important that every organization and system must also adapt itself to new trends such as globalization, in order to survive the rough competition. Job satisfaction is often related to having positive feelings regarding the job and is of great concern to both .the employers and the employee as it is directly related to organizational behavior. NTPC has always invested a lot of training and development with other various benefits due to which its has a very loyal staff who would not want to quit the job. The HR department has the freedom to adapt any HR practices to make sure that the employees needs are fully understood and take care of. It also has policies to pay the medical expenses of the employees and immediate family members even after retirement. The top 5 important factors that were found to give a sense of job satisfaction were- Communication, Culture, Leadership, Opportunities and job content The least 5 important factors that were found to give a sense of job satisfaction were- Rewards and recognition, Working conditions,Superior–subordinate, Team work and Job design The productivity from the employees as a team can still full utilized by reducing the communication gap between the different levels of management and facilitating better training and development to increase decision making accuracy. Job rotation and role play will break the boredom and make the job more challenging, good work in the team shall always be appreciated to set an example for other teams that hard work will give reward and recognition. The work environment shall be as enjoyable as possible to express views and ideas 2. Statement of purpose The purpose of the study was to analyse the job satisfaction level at NTPC ltd. It throws a light on overall job satisfaction levels. It address the following objectives- à ¼Ã‚     Study the overall job satisfaction reported by the employees at NTPC ltd. à ¼Ã‚     Determine the factors that motivates employees to perform better in their respective area of work in order to achieve high level of satisfaction à ¼Ã‚     To obtain information relating to current policies and procedures exercised in the organization and understand present organizational climate. à ¼Ã‚     To conduct a survey by interviews on employee satisfaction. à ¼Ã‚     To evaluate different parameters of employee satisfaction and develop an importance satisfaction model. à ¼Ã‚     The study was also targeted to determine motivating factors which form an integral part of employee satisfaction. 3. Introduction 3.1What is Human Resource? The world of business has changed rapidly and  the limitations of the markets are not restricted to  regional or national but has now reached on international level. The technological progress has made the business around the world easier and has encouraged competition to get maximum utilization from resources and improve its efficiency and effectiveness. The business world has changed rapidly towards progression and shall continue to do so as technology becomes more advanced and available. Since the world has changed so much it is important that every organization and system must also adapt itself to new trends such as globalization, in order to survive the rough competition. Efficiency in business is very important for its long-term existence. Maximum utilization of resources is the main challenge that every organization needs to keep up with.  It shall preserve its investment in manpower and technology to continue providing its services to customers, employees and partners. In order to achieve this human resource management is crucial for every organization 3.2 Human resource management (HRM) in an organization People employed by a company are termed Human resource, they are the most important, valuable and expensive resource in almost every company. Companies require raw material to manufacture goods, computer systems to store business data and machines to facilitate the process of production. However, without people to sell the products, generate a new business idea, and interpret business information and to ensure maximum utilization of resources, in such situation the company would probably cease to exist. The term ‘Human resource management’ and ‘Human resource’ have largely replaced the term of personnel management which is involved in managing people in an organization. in simple term HRM means employing people, developing and improving their capacities, utilizing their skills, compensating and maintaining their services in tune with the organizational requirement and job Human Resource Management (HRM) is the organizational function that deals with issues related to people such as compensation, hiring, performance management, organization development, safety, wellness, benefits, employee motivation, communication, administration, and training. In simple words it can also be defined as administrative  activities associated with human resources planning, recruitment, selection, orientation, training, appraisal, motivation, remuneration, etc. HRM aims at developing people through work. 3.3 Strategy and Human Resource The SHRM literature is rooted in ‘manpower’ (sic) planning, but it was the work of Inï ¬â€šuential management gurus (for example Ouchi, 1981; Peters Waterman, 1982), affirming the importance of the effective management of people as a source of Competitive advantage, that encouraged academics to develop frameworks emphasizing the strategic role of the HR function (for example Beer et al., 1985; Fombrun etal., 1984) and attaching the preï ¬ x ‘strategic’ to the term ‘human resource management’. Interest among academics and practitioners in linking the strategy concept to HRM can be explained from both the ‘rational choice’ and the ‘constituency-based’ perspective. There is a managerial logic in focusing attention on people’s skills and intellectual assets to provide a major competitive advantage when technological superiority, even once achieved, will quickly erode (Barney, 1991; Pfeffer, 1994, 1998a). From a à ¢â‚¬Ëœconstituency-based’ perspective, it is argued that HR academics and HR practitioners have embraced SHRM as a means of securing greater respect for HRM as a field of study and, in the case of HR managers, of appearing more ‘strategic’, thereby enhancing their status within organizations (Bamberger Meshoulam, 2000; Pfeffer Salancik, 1977; Powell DiMaggio, 1991; Purcell Ahlstrand, 1994; Whipp, 1999). Strategic HRM can be regarded as a general approach to the strategic management of human resources in accordance with the intentions of the organization on the future direction it wants to take. It is concerned with longer-term people issues and macro-concerns about structure, quality, culture, values, commitment and matching resources to future need. It has been defined as: All those activities affecting the behavior of individuals in their efforts to formulate and implement the strategic needs of business The pattern of planned human resource deployments and activities intended to enable the forms to achieve its goals. Strategic HRM can encompass a number of HR strategies. There may be strategies to deliver fair and equitable reward, to improve performance or to streamline structure. However, these strategies are not strategic HRM. Strategic HRM is the overall framework which determines the shape and delivery of the individual strategies. 4. Main body 4.1COMPANY PROFILE- NATIONAL THERMAL POWER CORPORATION LIMITED (NTPC) ‘’SANKALP SHUDDHA HI SIDDHA’’ (If your intentions are pure, you are bound to succeed in letter and spirit)    Shri Arup Roy Choudhury(Chairman NTPC) VISION- ‘’to be the world’s largest and best power producer, powering India’s growth to become an integrated power commanding height with total power value chain’’ MISSION-‘’ â€Å"Develop and provide reliable power, related products and services at competitive prices, integrating multiple energy sources with innovative and eco-friendly technologies and contribute to society.†CORE VALUES (B-COMIT): à ¼Ã‚     Business Ethics à ¼Ã‚     Customer Focus à ¼Ã‚     Organizational Professional Pride à ¼Ã‚     Mutual Respect Trust à ¼Ã‚     Innovation and Speed à ¼Ã‚     Total Quality for Excellence CORPORATE OBJECTIVES: à ¼Ã‚     Improved Business Portfolio Growth à ¼Ã‚     Steady Customer Focus à ¼Ã‚     Performance Leadership à ¼Ã‚     Human Resource Development VISION 2017: à ¼Ã‚     To be a 75000 MW plus company à ¼Ã‚     To rank in Fortune 500 company à ¼Ã‚     Diversified Business Portfolio (Hydro, Nuclear Distribution, Trading, Coal Mining and washries) à ¼Ã‚     Top Indian MNC à ¼Ã‚     Group of over Rs. 1,40,000 crore with about 30,000 employees à ¼Ã‚     Leading Corporate Citizen HR VISION: â€Å"To enable our people to be a family of committed world class professional.†SOME FACTS ABOUT NTPC à ¼Ã‚     Third largest thermal power company in the world, second largest in Asia largest in India. à ¼Ã‚     Incorporated on November 7, 1975 under companies act as a private limited ,which was later changed to ‘Public limited’ September 30th 1976 à ¼Ã‚     The name NTPC Ltd. is given in 28th October 2005 à ¼Ã‚     Areas NTPC thinking to diversify in: v    Equipment Manufacturing v    Power Trading v    Power Distribution v    Over Seas v    Gas v    Coal Mining v    Hydro Power v    Thermal Power à ¼Ã‚     First challenge is to get the people to deliver. à ¼Ã‚     First plant of 200MW was set up in Singrauli unit. à ¼Ã‚     In 2001 the nomenclature for industrial relation has to change to employee relation. à ¼Ã‚     IN 1984, received a world bank loan of US $150 million through government of India (GOI) à ¼Ã‚     In 2009, enters memorandum of understanding (MOU) with Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd(NPCIL) to work together for development of nuclear power inIndia à ¼Ã‚     NTPC inks JV agreement with SAIL, RINL, COALINDIAand NMDC. BADARPUR THERMAL POWER STATION (BTPS) The Badarpur Thermal Power Plant is a coal-based power plant situated at Badarpur in Delhi. Beginning its power generation in 1973, this plant generates an average of 705 MW of power from its 5 units annually. The coal for the power generation is taken from Jharia Coal Fields and water from Agra Canal. This power plant is owned and operated by National Thermal Power Corporation Limited (NTPC), the largest thermal power generating company of India. The idea behind creating BTPS was to provide a backup for the generation of hydro power in the northern region. Delhi was the sole beneficiary of the power generated from this station from 1st April 1987(see Diagram 2) 4.2 JOB SATISFACTION AND ITS IMPORTANCE Job satisfaction is defined as the extent to which people like (satisfaction) or dislike (dissatisfaction) their jobs (Spector, 1997, p. 2). This definition suggests job satisfaction is a general or global affective reaction that individuals hold about their job. While researchers and practitioners most often measure global job satisfaction, there is also interest in measuring different facets or dimensions of satisfaction. Examination of these facet conditions is often useful for a more careful examination of employee satisfaction with critical job factors. Traditional job satisfaction facets include: co-workers, pay, job conditions, supervision, nature of the work and benefits. (Williams) Job satisfaction is a set of favorable or unfavorable feelings with which the employees rate their work. 4.3 APPROACHES TO STUDY JOB SATISFACTION THE 2 APPROACHES TO STUDY JOB SATISFACTION ARE- GLOBAL APPROACH: it relates to job satisfaction as single, overall feeling towards towards job FACET APPROACH: it relates to different aspects of job such as nature of work, condition of work, rewards, people at work, etc In this case we shall be using the facet approach as it gives a complete picture of job satisfaction. It depends on how an individual prioritizes his satisfaction levels. He might be very satisfied with the fringe benefits but at the same time be dissatisfied with the conditions at work and superiors (see Diagram 3) EFFECTS OF JOB SATISFACTION The 5 main effects of job satisfaction are-   I.   Performance-  performance of an individual at job depends on 2 opposite situations. First, as we now know that satisfaction is related to performance, people who enjoy their job work harder which leads to them performing better. Second, people who feel satisfied by performing better II.   Absenteeism- an individual would try to avoid being absent from work if he is a satisfied person with positive outlook but this also does not mean that highly satisfied people would not be absent. A study showed that managers were the most satisfied workers followed by the technical staff. Workers who have a record of being absent have a sense of insecurity and negative outlook towards their job, also lacking motivation III.    Employee grievances and health- passive aggression and complaints are associated with high level of dissatisfaction amongst the workers. Poor management practices and unfair means of treatment at work lead to health issues and brings a sense of negative attitude towards the industry IV.    Turnover- there is no evidence that satisfaction leads to increase in the turnover but it does help. An employee’s does not quit only because he is dissatisfied but there can be various other factors like- better opportunities elsewhere, better management practices and pay security# V.           Goodwill- when an organization has strong value in the market, it attracts young and dynamic entrants towards the company. Which is beneficial to both , the company by having talented people to choose from and the employees are satisfied to work for a company having high market standing and fair employee treatment policy (See Diagram 4) 4.4 JOB SATISFACTION AT NTPC Job satisfaction is a positive feeling about ones jobs from an evaluation of its characteristics. It is related more with the attitude of the person rather than behaviour. It is logical that a person with positive attitude will be more satisfied than a person with negative attitude towards work and the organization. Employees are the internal customer of any organization and are willing to participate in the business to accomplish business goals. Companies that set high level of work standards for their employees, sharpen their skills and knowledge through training and development. A satisfied and motivated employee’s proves to have a positive influence on the organizational performance. The HR process helps to establish frequent and consistent feedback communication between them which helps them to retain the most valued asset of the company- THE EMPLOYEES. NTPC has always invested a lot of training and development with other various benefits due to which its has a very loyal staff who would not want to quit the job. The HR department has the freedom to adapt any HR practices to make sure that the employees needs are fully understood and take care of. It also has policies to pay the medical expenses of the employees and immediate family members even after retirement. This extra step that the company has taken to show consideration towards its employees has proved to have a maximum retention rate throughout the lifetime of the company. Allowing workers to participate in management schemes where they can contribute their inputs about improving the standard of services has also been a scheme adopted by NTPC. Various schemes to improve the relation and understanding between employee and company have been exercised namely- à ¼Ã‚     Encouraging participation in management activities à ¼Ã‚     Developing better HR policies to improve the communication between the employees and the company à ¼Ã‚     Improving the levels of productivity , efficiency, knowledge and skills through regular training and development à ¼Ã‚     Encouraging the maximum utilization of resources and reducing wastage à ¼Ã‚     Promoting better communication within all levels of the organization à ¼Ã‚     Support the employees in developing  the techniques and process of  sensible decision making This priceless investment of the company management would be fruitful in à ¼Ã‚     Boosting the morale of the employees à ¼Ã‚     Flexible in receiving support from management à ¼Ã‚     Lifelong loyalty and commitment à ¼Ã‚     Greater sense of contribution and involvement 4.5 FACTORS INFLUENCING JOB SATISFACTION As we have learnt previously about the extrinsic factors that affect job satisfaction from the diagrma 3, we shall now throw light on other important factors such as-      Communication- Good communication gets the job done but Great communication is even more important for on organization that strives to achieve its goals and retain its employees. Satisfaction is related to clear communication on personal as well as organizational level as it motivates and stimulates the employee to perform better. Lack of communication can cause a lot of destruction to the image of the company resulting in low morale and loss on individual contribution in organizational productivity. Hence a clear communication shall be practised within all the level of the company, form the board of directors to the employees who represents the organization in front of the public      Culture- A collection of norms and values that are shared within the organization and also to interact with people outside the company compromises of organizational culture. It is the responsibility of every employee to impose the values and standards of behaviour that reflect the objective of the organization.  Habits prejudice and tradition that form human behaviour has a positive relation with culture. How employees view their organisational responsibility depends on how the culture has been set within the company      Leadership- Its is the ability to influence an individual or a group towards achieving a set of goals. In most cases a good leader ensures that the employees are satisfied as they motivate and encourage their employees to perform well and achieve set targets. Great communication is a must for a leader who want to make sure that the vision of the organization is achieved by collective efforts and inputs of the team rather than just a few doing all the hard work. Leadership is multi skilled and it is not necessary that all managers can prove to be good leaders.      Working condition- The provision of good workplace and well organised workspace is essential for employee satisfaction. These conditions shall influence and motivate the employees to share positive opinions with others as well as take constructive and honest feedback. An ideal working condition should be free from destructive criticism, harassment, bias judgments in order to improve and increase overall efficiency      Rewards and recognition- Employees feel a sense of satisfaction when there is transparency in being paid fairly for the work done by them. They want the promotional policies to be just and not bias and in line with their expectations. Money is not the only factor for satisfaction but is one of the essential element that motivates them to perform better and earn more. There are others who do not seek money and are happy to receive lower pay or a less demanding job, for such employees what matters is the freedom they get to complete the given task in their own methods and the recognition they get for it.      Superior –subordinate relationship- The relationship between the superior and the subordinates is of trust, respect, friendship and warmth and it is essential for both to have a positive attitude towards each other to increase productivity at work. This would result in having constructive interaction with superiors and fulfil employee functional and interpersonal need      Training- Every organization shall involve its employees in regular  learning process to sharpen their skills, concepts and knowledge so they can get better at decision making process, as the attitude and behaviour keeps changing rapidly , regular training shall ensure that they are tuned with the mindset and vision of the organization 5 THEORIES ON JOB SATISFACTIOn 5.1HERZBERG’S TWO FACTOR THEORY In the late 1950s Frederick Herzberg, was considered to be a pioneer in motivation theory, he interviewed a group of employees to find out what made them satisfied and dissatisfied on the job. He asked the employees essentially two sets of questions: Think of a time when you felt especially good about your job. Why did you feel that way? Think of a time when you felt especially bad about your job. Why did you feel that way? From these interviews Hertzberg went on to develop his theory that there are two dimensions to job satisfaction: ‘’motivation and hygiene†. (See Diagram 5) Hygiene factors cannot motivate employees but can help in reduces the dissatisfaction, if handled properly. It is a topic that includes company politics, salary, supervision, working condition and interpersonal relations which help in decreasing dissatisfaction amongst the employees. Whereas, Motivators are responsible for creating satisfaction by fulfilling individual needs. It focuses more on achievement, recognition and responsibility. It helps in making the employee’s more creative and committed towards work. Herzberg said ‘once the hygiene factors are addressed, the motivators will promote satisfaction and increase production 5.2 MASLOW’S HIERACHY OF NEEDS Abraham Maslow developed a model in which basic low level needs such as psychological requirements and safety must be satisfied before higher level needs such as need for self fulfillment (Robbins, 2005). According to this model when a need is satisfied it is no longer a motivating factor and the next higher need takes its place ( See diagram 6) 5.3 ERG Theory Clayton Alderfer has showed three distinguishing categories of human needs that have influence on employee’s behavior, growth and relatedness These categories are: Existence needs: Psychological and safety needs Relatedness needs: Social and external needs Growth needs: Internal needs and self actualization According to ERG theory the order of these needs may vary from individual to individual. Managers must realize that there may be a possibility to fulfill multiple needs at the same time, this view contradicts Maslow’s view; his model proceeds from the most basic (bottom) to most complex(top) needs in an order and is same for all individuals. According to ERG theory it may not be effective to focus at only one need at a time. The theory suggests that if a higher need is not fulfilled than an individual may choose to fulfill a lower level need that appears to satisfy- this stage is known as the frustration regression principle. For example if the employee is not provided with growth opportunities than he may regress to relatedness needs and start socializing with co-workers. But corrective measures are taken in time by the management  to satisfy frustration needs than it will bring the employee back on track to pursue achieving goals (Robbins,2005)  (See Diagram 7) 6 Method of collecting data To find out the job satisfaction level in the organization, I had randomly interviewed 12 people through chat rooms and telephone conversations, who were from different departments of the company (Executives and Non-Executive). The 10 different sections that I use for evaluated the job satisfaction were- à ¼Ã‚     Job content à ¼Ã‚     Reward and recognition à ¼Ã‚     Communication à ¼Ã‚     Opportunities à ¼Ã‚     Working conditions à ¼Ã‚     Superior subordinate à ¼Ã‚     Teamwork à ¼Ã‚     Culture à ¼Ã‚     leadership à ¼Ã‚     job design The above sections were asked to be rated between 1 to 5 scale, where 1 being most satisfied and 5 being least satisfied Conclusion The top 5 important factors that were found to give a sense of job satisfaction were- à ¼Ã‚     Communication à ¼Ã‚     Culture à ¼Ã‚     Leadership à ¼Ã‚     Opportunities à ¼Ã‚     job content The least 5 important factors that were found to give a sense of job satisfaction were- à ¼Ã‚     Rewards and recognition à ¼Ã‚     Working conditions à ¼Ã‚     Superior subordinate à ¼Ã‚     Team work à ¼Ã‚     Job design 8  Main Observations Communication- it was observed that the communication system adapted by NTPC was not much effective and there is not been clarity of communication exercised . certain percentage of employees were not aware of the latest news and development within the company Culture- This showed a very mixed response as some had an extrovert personality to share information but there were also some introverts who were still to open up and be comfortable to participate in discussing issues Leadership It is not possible to satisfy everyone in the organisation and the same scenario is seen here, there were lot of delays seen in decision making process, which showed that they were not happy with their current leaders. Opportunities- The HR policy is ‘Grow your own timber’ and NTPC has lived up to is policy by providing multiple opportunities to its employees to grow and develop their skills. Its provides enough freedom at work and time to be with their families Job design- There was lack of clarity in the design due to which there was confusion among the employees as to what is exactly expected from them. Due to this employees were dissatisfied with current job design Working condition- There is no doubt that is has a good working environment, but the conditions were not found to be satisfactory with regards to health and safety. As employees are asset of any organization , a lot of work will need to be done in condition department Training- This department needs to be worked on as the employees feel that the training is not sufficient to improve their productivity levels and there are some loopholes that still need to be fixed in order for the training to be more effective and in line with the job Rewards and recognition- The contributions of the employees are been appreciated and praised by the superior which gives them a sense of satisfaction and encouragement to perform better . good works lead to good chances of promotion at NTPC Superior- subordinate relationship- There is a professional yet friendly atmosphere at work amongst the senior and juniors. There is a sense of fair treatment within the employee’s and can be improved. Work issues are handles with great concern Team work- At NTPC teamwork is encouraged and contribution of every team member is essential to accomplish the task. There is a sense of trust and freedom within the employees Recommendation To achieve high rate of job satisfaction- à ¼Ã‚     Offer greater opportunities for training and development , contribute constructive feedback à ¼Ã‚     More powers shall be given to team members to ease decision making process à ¼Ã‚     Job shall be made more challenging by encouraging job rotation and role play à ¼Ã‚     Encourage creativity within workplace to improve productivity à ¼Ã‚     Sufficient freedom shall be given to complete the task at their own pace but with given time limits à ¼Ã‚     Praise the employees for their extra contribution as it gives them a sense of belonging and importance à ¼Ã‚     Encourage bonding and clear communication between managers and employees à ¼Ã‚     Creating of a work environment that is enjoyable , trusting, and challenging to work in à ¼Ã‚     The success of individual, department or company shall be celebrated to create an example of how great teamwork and productivity results References 1.ARMSTRONG, M and BARON, A. (2002) Strategic HRM: the key to improved business performance. Developing practice.London: CharteredInstituteofPersonneland Development. 2.SCHULER, R.S. (1992) Strategic human resource management: linking people with the needs of the business. Organizational Dynamics. Vol 21, No 1. pp18-32. 3.WRIGHT, P.M. and MCMAHAN, G.C. (1992) Theoretical perspectives for SHRM. Journal of Management. March. pp215-247. 4.BOXALL, P. and PURCELL, J. (2003) Strategy and human resource management. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan 1.     Williams, J. (2004). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment, a Sloan Work and Family Encyclopedia entry. Retrieved May 10, 2007, from the Sloan Work and Family Research Network website 2.     Robbins, S.P., Sanghi, S (2006). Organizational Behaviour.Singapore: Pearson Education Pte. Ltd 3.     Singh, N. (2003). Organizational Behaviour- Concepts, Theory and Practices. Managing People in Organization in 21st Century. Deep and Deep Publication Pvt. Ltd 4.     Department of Agricultural and Extension Education, Volume 32 (1). 5.     NTPC BTPS Intranet, company manuals, policies and other sources. 6.     Clark, A., Oswald, A., Warr, P. (1996). Is Job Satisfaction U-Shaped In Age. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 69, 57-81. 7.     Karatepe, O.M., Uludag, O., Menevis,I. (2006). The Effects of Selected Individual Characteristics On Frontline Employee Performance And Job Satisfaction. Journal of Tourism Management, 27( 4), 547-560. 8.     Kinicki, A.,  Kreitner, R. (2006). Organizational Behaviour- Concepts, Skills and Practices. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd. 9.     Luthans,F. (2008). Organizational Behaviour. Mc Graw Hill International Edition. 10. Mckenna,Eugene (2000). Business Psychology and Organizational Behavior: A 11. Student’s Handbook (Third Edition).New York andHove: Psychology Press, Taylor Francis scribd.com/doc/44801365/Human-Resource-Management http://humanresources.about.com/od/glossaryh/f/hr_management.htm businessdictionary.com/definition/human-resource-management-HRM.html palgrave.com/business/brattonandgold/docs/bgcha02.pdf scribd.com/doc/41937372/Strategic-Human-Resource-Management https://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=12Itemid=72lang=en moneycontrol.com/company-facts/ntpc/history/NTP india9.com/i9show/Badarpur-Thermal-Power-Plant-59175.htm http://wfnetwork.bc.edu/glossary_entry.php?term=Job%20Satisfaction,%20Definition(s)%20ofarea=All oppapers.com/subjects/resource-management-in-organization-page2.html http://sth-about-human-resources-management.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default?orderby=updated hrcentro.com/dasar_sdm/Strategic_human_resource_management_091224.html http://strategicpersonnelinafrica.com/?section=Strategy%20and%20Practice internationalnewsandviews.com/2010/12/16/scope-excellence-award-to-arup-roy-choudhury-cmd-ntpc/ moneycontrol.com/company-facts/ntpc/history/NTP indiainfoline.com/Markets/Company/Background/Company-Profile/NTPC-Ltd/532555 http://wfnetwork.bc.edu/glossary_entry.php?term=Job%20Satisfaction,%20Definition(s)%20ofarea=All nursetogether.com/Career/CareerArticles/CareerArticle/tabid/102/itemId/2044/Power-and-Influence-Yes-Nurses-Have-Them.aspx cyberessays.com/lists/herzberg/page0.html http://usep-ic.forumsmotions.com/t107-assignment-10-due-september-21-2009-1300hrs oppapers.com/subjects/motivation-in-hrm-page9.html scribd.com/doc/41672892/bgcha02 indianmba.com/Faculty_Column/FC309/fc309.html scribd.com/doc/46839385/Role-of-Banks-in-Indian-Economy http://answers.google.com/answers/threadview?id=269655
Thursday, November 21, 2019
Venture Capital Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Venture Capital - Research Paper Example As per the survey conducted by the Ernst &Young in the year 2008, there were 56 percent of exits of venture capital companies out of which 12 percent of the companies belonged to the pharmaceutical and health care sector (Ernst &Young). Healthcare companies like Novartis Venture capital division and Johnson and Johnson Development venture capital divisions earned meager amount of profits during recession. The pharmaceutical companies also make further investments in life science companies across biotech, medical devices and diagnostics. The main motive of the venture capital divisions of pharmaceutical companies is to provide startup capital to other medical companies which have a better prospect in the future. For example the Novartis venture capital division provides venture capital fund only to those companies which adhere to their corporate development plans. South Korea is an emerging market for venture capital investments in the pharmaceutical companies hence medical companies like Novartis and Johnson and Johnson have taken initiatives of providing investment to medical and life science companies who are at an early stage (Novartis Venture Funds, â€Å"Our Funds†). Venture capital funding to Pharmaceutical Industry in United Kingdom (UK) UK is considered as the second largest venture capital market in Europe. There are three types of venture capital funds being offered in UK. 1) Seed fund – This fund is offered to a novice business investor. 2) Start Up fund – This fund is offered to a company in its nascent stage 3) later stage Fund – This fund is provided to a business company who is in the maturity stage. The pharmaceutical companies in UK invest in Venture capital funds primarily because the returns of the fund are very good and it is one of the most easily available funds in UK. Some of the venture capital companies in UK provide venture capital funds exclusively to the pharmaceutical and health sector of UK. The names of these companies are as follows: 3i This company invests exclusively in the healthcare sector and provides start up funds for novice pharmaceutical companies. Abingworth It is a long established venture capital company which invests in biomedical companies. Advent Venture Partners LLP The company was established in the year 1981; it has managed to invest ?500 million in the year 2011. It invests in Life Science companies. Alta Partners The company has been funding over 130 life science companies of UK since 1996. ARCH Venture Partners The company invests in medical companies which are at an early stage and have the potential to grow into successful enterprises. The company invests primarily in companies co-founded with leading scientists and entrepreneurs, concentrating on bringing innovations in life sciences, physical sciences, and information technology. Atlas Venture Ltd Atlas Venture invests in those life science companies which are in their early stages of growth. Burrill & Co mpany This is a merchant bank in UK focusing exclusively in companies dealing with biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, diagnostics, devices, human healthcare and related medical technologies, nutraceuticals and wellness, agricultural biotechnology, and industrial biotechnology. The company
Wednesday, November 20, 2019
Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1
Law - Essay Example The ways in which a defendant may interfere with the interests of the claimant is either by affecting materially his land or affecting his use or enjoyment of land or the interference with the servitudes and similar rights over the land. The most important case in respect of material interference with property and interference with use or enjoyment and their distinction was St Helens Smelting Co. v. Tipping1 whereby the House of Lords that the surrounding circumstances were important but there were different provisions when the concern was in respect of material injury to the said property. There had been different reasons which had been attribute to such a reasoning a few included that greater protection was offered to the prior aspect of property than to enjoyment derived from the property or the ease of quantifying. The next issue that needs to be considered in respect of nuisance is material damage to property and whether the defendant is held liable for such material damage. The important aspect in respect of nuisance which relates to this question is that of interference with the use or enjoyment of land. It is important to mention that not every interference in respect of enjoyment of property is held to be actionable as can be seen in the judgment of Vice-Chancellor in Walter v. Selfe2 that the inconvenience must be ‘considered in fact as more than fanciful, more than one of mere delicacy or fastidiousness, as an inconvenience materially interfering with the ordinary comfort...of human existence, not merely according to elegant or dainty modes and habits of living, but according to plain and sober and simple notions among the English people’. Thus a balance must be struck with enjoyment of use of occupier and his neighbour (Halsey v. Esso Petroleum Co, Ltd.)3. The interference is dependent on reasonableness which in turn is dependent on a number factors that duration of the interference, sensitivity of the plaintiff, character of neighbourh ood and fault of the defendant. The first aspect is that of duration which should be appreciable. (Cunard v. Antifyre Ltd. where it was said to be substantial length of time)4 . However, in Harrison v. Southwark and Vauxhall Water Co.5 it was stated that something which would normally constitute to be nuisance would because of its temporary and useful nature be excused. As far as sensitivity is considered, the courts would not allow a claim for an abnormal sensitivity of the claimant or his property which makes a undisruptive activity to be harmful to the defendant. The next aspect is that of character of the neighbourhood which as stated in St Helens is not to be considered in respect of cases which deal with physical damage to property, however, it is applicable to cases where the interference is in respect of enjoyment or use. In Sturges v. Bridgman Thesiger LJ stated ‘Whether anything is a nuisance or not is a question to be determined, not merely by an abstract considerat ion of the thing itself, but in reference to its circumstances; what would be a nuisance in Belgrave Square would not necessarily be so in Bermondsey; and where a locality is devoted to a particular trade or manufacture carried on by the traders and manufacturers in a particular established manner not constituting a public nuisance. Judges and juries would be justified in finding, and may be trusted to find, that the trade or manufacture so carried on in that locality is not a private or actionable wrong.’
Monday, November 18, 2019
A newspaper invites young people to write articles about television Coursework
A newspaper invites young people to write articles about television programmes they either loathe or love. Write the piece you would send to the newspaper - Coursework Example You can tell which series it is from the opening sequence. Actually I can tell what series it is from the extent of Chandler’s physical decline. He starts out quite fit and degenerates into an increasingly zombified, staring-eyed mess. Apparently he had to fight some addiction demons in real life. My theory is that working with this bunch gradually eroded his sanity. I only watch Friends because it provides the ideal opportunity for venting all my pent-up frustrations about life. For me this programme has all the charms of an emotional punchbag. I look at the smug, silly faces and enjoy an imaginary workout in the boxing ring with each one in turn. Except Chandler. Something worries me about Chandler. It is a fact that every viewer on the planet, unfortunately, has a soft spot for one of the six characters. It’s a kind of post-modern Rorschach test. The one you identify with reveals your true nature. I never did see the attraction of Friends, and even now, almost a decade after the last series gasped its way onto our screens, I don’t get it. I mean look at the stereotypical gender roles. The girls are all mad: Rachel is sex-mad, Monica is neurotic and has issues with food, issues with hygiene, issues with men, and a seriously weird relationship with her brother. And Phoebe. Well, Phoebe is the poster girl for cloud-cuckoo land. â€Å"Smelly cat, smelly cat†¦You smell like something dead†¦Ã¢â‚¬ What was that all about? I hope the producers are insured against all the law suits that are bound to follow from children thinking that this is acceptable behaviour in an adult human being. And the boys are not much better. Would you go out with any of them? The show has a formula that is repeated ad nauseam until finally the characters just show up on the set and the dialogue writes itself. In fact it is so predictable that a ten year old could write it and nobody would be any the wiser. Joey and Chandler have little boy-games in their flat, while Rachel
Friday, November 15, 2019
Greenblatt Guru of New Historicism
Greenblatt Guru of New Historicism According to M.A.R Habib, New Historicism has become a literary term closely associated with Greenblatt, who is generally regarded as the guru of New Historicism and, as a predictable result of his sudden prominence, the focus of much criticism. By breaking disciplinary boundaries between the text and history, and between fiction and reality, New Historicism, eventually and inevitably, has now come to terms with the decision to set up its priority in a place between textualism and contextualism. In other words Karbe believes that text or phenomena cannot be somehow torn from history and analyzed in isolation outside of the historical process (401). Against the traditional view to history as Tyson says history is a matter of interpretations, not facts, and that interpretations always occur within a framework of social conventions(289),so the new historicist critics believes that all historical analysis is unavoidably subjective. Historians must therefore reveal the ways in which they know they have been positioned, by their own cultural experience, to interpret history (290). In order to know the rule of literature in new historicism and the relation between the society and environment of the time or generally the role of history of time and place to create a literary work, it would be highly important to explain some details to understand this notion better. Like the other new historicist critics Tyson believes that for new historical critics, a literary text doesnt embody the authors intention or illustrate the spirit of the age that produced it, as traditional literary historians asserted. In continues he assert that: Nor are literary texts self-sufficient art objects that transcend the time and place in which they were written, as New Critics believed. Rather, literary texts are cultural artifacts that can tell us something about the interplay of discourses, the web of social meanings, operating in the time and place in which the text was written. And they can do so because the literary text is itself part of the interplay of discourses, a thread in the dynamic web of social meaning. For new historicism, the literary text and the historical situation from which it emerged are equally important because text (the literary work) and context (the historical conditions that produced it) are mutually constitutive: they create each other (291-2). Like the dynamic interplay between individual identity and society, literary texts shape and are shaped by their historical contexts. Michael Payne asserts; new historicism is a collection of practices rather than school or a method (2), so thats why flourishing in the 80s, New Historicism mainly based on French philosopher Michel Foucaults theories offered just such a critique of history, and the dominant new historicist theories which have been used in this study would be according to the Foucaults definitions of this term. The new historicism explores the place of literature in an ongoing contest of power within society which has been defined widely latter by Foucault whose ideas have strongly influenced the development of new historicism, power circulates in all directions, to and from all social levels, at all times(Tyson 284). The others notions which are directly related to the new historicism are discourse, identity and the episteme of the time. Dr. Chung Hsiung Lai in his es say Limits and Beyond: Greenblatt, New Historicism and a Feminist Genealogy says that language is bound up with questions of identity because it is through language that we speak of ourselves and interact with others (4). We can promote the role of language in a new historicist reading to discursive power or social self fashioning force which Foucault explain them later fully. New historicist reading of the literary work according to Foucault, could be reading it according to dominant discourse and episteme of the time of the writer which could help the researcher to comprehend the identity of the creative characters of the selected works better and also helps to understand the intention of the author to create this imaginative world. Accordingly it is beyond argument that notwithstanding Greenblatt as a dominant figure in new historicism, Foucaults theories as a new historicist author have been concerned largely with the concepts of power, knowledge and discourse, These concepts alongside of the other concepts like identity and episteme are those which could applied in the text of so many literary works in a new historicist reading of them; but the author that has been selected for this study is Margaret Atwood who the notion of new historicism is highly applicable in her novels especially the selected ones The Handmaids Tale and Edible Woman. Atwood has created a stunning Orwellian vision of the near future in The Handmaids Tale. This is the story of Offred, one of the unfortunate Handmaids under the new social order who have only one purpose: to breed. In Gilead, where women are prohibited from holding jobs, reading and forming friendships, Offreds persistent memories of life in the time before and will to survive are acts of rebellion. According to Dr. Chung Hsiung Lai Greenblatt evokes the traditional privileging of speech over writing, where meaning are thought to be somehow less ambiguous as the speaker consciously aims at reducing the chances of misinterpretation (5).Howells in her essay Margaret Atwoods Dystopian Vision: The Handmaids Tale and Oryx and Crake asserts that this novel might usefully begin with this statement, for Offreds fictive autobiography come to us as a written text, and only at the end do we discover that, what we have been reading was actually a spoken narrative which has been transcribed from the old caste types and reconstructed for publication long after the narrator is dead(165). The second novel which has been analyzed in this study is Edible Woman, The edible woman of the novels title is, most obviously, a doll shape cake cooked and consumed in the novels conclusion. However the title also refers to the novels main character, Marian MacAlpin, who is so preoccupied with food that she interprets life around her in terms of food consumption, eventually come to identify with food, and develops a serious eating disorder as well as some romantic relations, love affairs, a broken marital engagement, a planned pregnancy and birth. The concept of body is what Atwood use widely, during the plotline of these two novels, and Foucault in Discipline and Punishment and also History of Sexuality use and explain this notion which would be highly useful in this study and At the centre of the study is a triangulated set of concepts concerning the body and its articulation with relations of power and knowledge. Barry Smart asserts that Genealogical analysis reveals the body as an object of knowledge and as a target for the exercise of power. The body is shown to be located in a political field, invested with power relations which render it docile and productive, and thus politically and economically useful (69) Thus the exercise of power necessarily puts into circulation apparatuses of knowledge, that is creates sites where knowledge is formed. Foucault himself in Discipline and Punishment asserts that a knowledge of the body that is not exactly the science of its functioning, and a mastery of its forces that is more than the ability to conquer them(26). and also Bartky believes that Both [feminism and Foucault] identify the body as the site of the power (102).Thus this analysis of power has set in motion an entirely new way of examining power relations in society, focusing more on resistance than simple passive oppression. Foucault also interested in the way that power operates through different forms of regime at particular historical period , Foucaults genealogical analyses begin with an examination of the character of modern power relations literally with the question of how power is exercised and the associated issue of the relationships between power and knowledge(Smart p. 69), and also Mills declares that For Foucault, discipline is a set of strategies, procedures and ways of behaving which are associated with certain institutional contexts and which then permeate ways of thinking and behaving in general(44). History is the other word, plays a dominant role in Foucaults ideas. Sara Mills explains that for Foucault the past is not seen as inevitably leading up to the present, a view of history which renders the past banal; it is very strangeness of the past which makes us able to see clearly the strangeness of the present(24). Then in The Archaeology of Knowledge Foucault develops the term episteme that is the body of knowledge and the ways of knowing which are in circulation at the particular moment. This study has been circulated around those Foucaults ideas which are relevant to analysis of selected novels. Argument David Staines in his essay Margaret Atwood in Her Canadian Context introduces Atwood as a prolific writer and a hit with literary critics, who became internationally famous after the popular and critical success of her 1984 novel, The Handmaids Tale. Atwood began her career in the 1960s, teaching English and at first publishing poetry, short stories and literary criticism. Her other novels include Surfacing (1972), Cats Eye (1988), Alias Grace (1996) and the 2000 Booker Prize winner, The Blind Assassin. About the concept of history Atwood in one of her lectures on her first historical novel asked a fundamental question which she tries to answers in her later novels, she asked What does the past tell us?Then she answered, In and of itself, it tells us nothing. We have to be listening first, before it will say a word; and even so, listening is telling and then retelling( Coomi S. Vevaina 86. ) . Coomi S. Vevaina tries to explain how far Atwood believe the concept of history and how far she used this concept in her Novels; he declares that in all her [Atwoods] works, Atwood reveals a distinctly postmodern engagement with history(87). He then continues that by recording some tapes Offred becomes an elocutionary act and her narrative(87); or better to say her story status warning against moral dictatorship and atrocity is summarily dismissed in an editorial aside by the male professional historian how is interested in reconstructing his grand impersonal narrative of a vanished nations hi story(87). Howells in her essay regarding the dystopian vision in Margaret Atwoods Handmaids tale asserts that this novel might usefully begin with this statement, for Offreds fictive autobiography come to us as a written text, and only at the end do we discover that, what we have been reading was actually a spoken narrative which has been transcribe from the old caste types and reconstruct for publication ling after the narrator is dead(165). Thus by help of this story we recognize the episteme of the time which Atwood tries to criticize, episteme according to Foucault is: the total set of relations that unite, at a given period, the discursive practices that give rise to epistemological figures, sciences, and possibly formalized systemsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The episteme is not a form of knowledgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦or type of rationality which, crossing the boundaries of the most varied sciences, manifests the sovereign unity of a subject, a spirit, or a period; it is the totality of relations that can be discovered for a given period, between the sciences when one analyses them at the level of discursive regularities(191). Moreover Howells believes that the issue of language and power has always been crucial in construction of dystopias:throughout the history of dystopian fiction the conflict of the text has often turned on the control of language (166). and it is Offreds attempt to seize it [the language] to make it hers (Cixous, Medusa. 343), which gives her narrative its appeal as one woman story of resistance against patriarchal tyranny. In both Edible woman and Handmaids Tale the efforts of heroin for resistance is obvious because both of them revolt against something and someone, Such revolts about conditions, staff, practices, and treatments have at root been resistances against the very materiality of the prison and punishment as instruments of power, resistances against a particular technology of power exercised over both the mind and body of the individual (Smart 74). Identity is the matter which Atwoods protagonist deals with and the great impact of society on them is not deniable, they are what the society likes to be, thats why they are looking for a way to resistance. As the case in point Goldblatt in Reconstructing Margaret Atwoods Protagonists asserts that in The Edible Woman Marians body is also a battlefield. Unable to cope with her impending marriage to Peter, Marian finds herself unable to ingest any food that was once alive. Repulsed by her societys attitude of consumerism (275), On the other hand the story of Offred in Gilead society is the same, Goldblatt continues Offreds identity and value as a child bearer as well in The Handmaids Tale, are proclaimed by her clothes in her totalitarian city of Gilead, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ she is no longer owns a name; she if Of Fred, the concubine named for the man who will impregnate her(276). Considering the new historicist approach according to Foucaults ideas (especially those which are fit to selected novels) the researcher wants to proof that, the purpose of present study is to trace the fundamental and substantial elements of new historicism in Atwoods Handmaids Tale and The Edible Woman. In order to gain the purpose the researcher tries to answer the following questions: Upon what social understanding do these works depends? What other cultural events occurred surrounding the original production of these texts? How may these events be relevant to the text under investigation? Why might reader at a particular time and place find these works compelling? Do contemporary issues and cultural milieu of the time of the author operate together to create her novels? Significance of the study There are two main reasons, which make doing this research important. The first reason is the author herself who is the contemporary leading novelist. And the second one is that this research gives a chance to know how Foucault ideas as an approach applicable on Atwoods selected novels. What makes this research significant is that up to the present time there are so many researches and studies on Atwoods short stories, poem or novels but in none of the researches deal with new historical approach. The present study wants to show, against so many critics who place Atwood in the list of feminist critics, there are others aspects rather than feminism in Atwoods works that could be noticeable. Sawicki asserts that Foucault emphasis on the sexual body as a target and vehicle of this new form of power / knowledge is reproduced in feminist analyses of modern form patriarchal control over womens mind and bodies in the context of the emergence of the sciences of medicine, social work, and psychology(290). From this stand point which most of the protagonist of Atwoods Novels are women, to look at the overall pattern it is generally accepted these heroines are in search of knowledge in order to gain power for resistance but in contrast to the traditional definition of power, the power which Foucault talks about is totally different. Mark Robson in Routledge Critical Thinkers: Stephen Greenblatt indicates that: Central to Foucaults work is the notion that knowledge is always a form of power. Thus advances in psychiatry or in the treatment of illnesses also lead to new ways of controlling the people who are mad or ill. Such control tends to reinforce the power of those in a position to impose the categories. But this does not mean that power is simply exercised from the top down. As Foucault puts it:power is everywhere; not because it embraces everything, but because it comes from everywhere ( 55). To sum up, the present study tries to insist on the element of new historicism specially Foucaltian approach on Atwoods selected novels which are believed that would be fully applicable. Review of Literature This study is a library research and all the information is obtain through different books, whether directly or indirectly discussing the materials, essays, electronic sources and many other possible sources in which the related materials can be found. This research is mainly focused on the original text of selected novels which are published, and also secondary sources, which explain and criticized these Novels, are used in order to help elaboration of the novels. The primarily concentration is on those studies which are related to the conception of new Historicism. Coral Ann Howells in The Cambridge Companion to Margaret Atwood tries to gather essays by Twelve leading international Atwood critics, provides the most comprehensive and up to date account of Atwoods novels. These essays consider Atwood theme, language, humor and narrative techniques. As a case in point Somacarreras essayPower politics: power and identity or Vevainas Margaret Atwood and history with many other essay from this book could help this study to move up in a better way. The Greenblatt Readers which is edited by Michael Payne makes available in one volume Greenblatts most important writing on culture, Renaissance studies and Shakespeare. It also features occasional pieces on subjects as diverse as storytelling and medicals, demonstrating the range of his cultural interests. Taken together, the text collected here dispel the idea that new historicism is antithetical to literary and aesthetic value. By the help of this book the researcher would like to reveal the progressive process of new historicism from Greenblatt to Foucault. Especially part one of this book which dedicate to culture and new historicism, could be highly useful for present study. Rutledge Critical Thinkers are some books which offer introductions to major critical thinkers who have influenced literary studies and humanities. Each book will equip the reader to approach these thinkers original text by explaining their key ideas, showing the reader why they are considered to be significant; Stephen Greenblatt by Mark Robson is the one of these series which not only introduce Greenblatt as a leading figure of new historicism but also ties to explain exactly what new historicism means and the relevance of new historicism to all aspects of literary criticism this book will help the researcher to find the dominant similarity and contrast between Greenbelts new historicism and Foucaltian new historicism. Various articles which make use of the theories of Foucault are referred to, such as Saundra lee Bartkys Foucault, Femininity, and the Modernization of Patriarchal Power, in which the author exclusively examines the discursive pressures upon the female body. In The History of Sexuality, Volume I: an Introduction Foucault provides much useful information on the origin, definition, and the treatment of the sexual body. This information is also useful in discussions concerning body and resistance. Gary Gutting in The Cambridge Companion to Foucault tryes to present a systematic and comprehensive overview of Foucaults major theme and texts from his early works on madness through his history of sexuality, and relates his work to significant contemporary movements such as critical theory and feminism. This book consist of several articles by different thinkers such as Foucault mapping of history by Thomas Flynn , Power/Knowledge by Joseph Rouse and Foucault feminism and question of identity by Jana Sawicki, which help the researcher in this study. Lisa Downing is Professor of French Discourses of Sexuality and Director of the Centre for the Interdisciplinary Study of Sexuality and Gender in Europe at the University of Exeter. her book The Cambridge Introduction to Michel Foucault provides ways in to understanding Foucaults key concepts of subjectivity, discourse and power. The book also explores the critical reception of Foucaults works and acquaints the reader with the afterlives of some of his theories, particularly his influence on feminist and queer studies. Each of these books represents fully the term of new Historicism which can be good theoretical bases for present study. Methodology New historicism study is a divergent field with numerous ideas, theoreticians, articles, and branches. One prominent flow of this kind of criticism is limited to Foucaults Ideas regarding power, identity, episteme, history, sexuality, knowledge, discourse and culture. According to Gearhart in Cultural Analysis and Its Discontents The issue of culture has been at the center of critical and literary-critical studies for quite some time now, and nowhere has it been more prominent than in the influential form of literary criticism that has come to be known as the new historicism. Colebrook in his book New literary Histories: New Historicism and Contemporary Criticism asserts that new historicism, a term applied to a trend in American academic literary studies in the 1980s that emphasized the historical nature of literary texts and at the same time (in contrast with older historicisms) the textual nature of history. As part of a wider reaction against purely formal or linguistic critical approaches such as the new criticism and deconstruction, the new historicists, led by Stephen Greenblatt, drew new connections between literary and nonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ literary texts, breaking down the familiar distinctions between a text and its historical background as conceived in established historical forms of criticism. Inspired by Michel Foucaults concepts of discourse and power, they attempted to show how literary works are implicated in the power relations of their time, not as secondary reflections of any coherent world view but as active participants in the continual remaking of meanings(Baldick 227). New historicism is less a system of interpretation than a set of shared assumptions about the relationship between literature and history, and an essayistic style that often develops general reflections from a startling historical or anthropological anecdote. The framework of this study is Foucault ideas but before that the reader should become familiar with the concept of new historicism form Greenblatt to Foucault in order to understand its process and changes; so the chapter two has been devoted to this notion. Therefore, one principle aim is to know how literature of the specific time could be read according to new historicism. Following this new historicism methodology, chapters three and four argue the dominant concepts of new historicism according to Foucaults definition of this notion and their application to selected novels. These concepts could be the episteme of the time of the author which influence her work of art, power circulation and the role of body in this circulation, challenges of protagonist for gaining knowledge and identity and so on. And chapter five could be a conclusion and sum up of this study. Limitation and delimitation of study The present study is concerned only with Margarets two selected Novels, rather than her poetries or short stories. The choice of novels was also difficult because Margaret Atwood has variety of novels which more or less deal with different subject matters, therefore it is not possible to cover all of them in this study. As a result, the researcher concentrates only two novels which are most famous ones and suit the capacity of the content of the study. These selective novels can be studied from different approaches but the researcher is not going to say what other have said, so she chooses to examine the notion of new historicism according to Foucault definition of this term because this notion has variety sub branches. According to present study the new historicist elements such as Apparatus, Discipline, Discursive Practice, Episteme, Ethics, Identity and Power will be discuss fully in the shadow of Michel Foucault definition of these terms. In this study, the researcher will use the philosophers and theories which are related to her discussion and help its progress. Tentative outline The Concepts of Identity, Power and Knowledge: A Foucaltian Study of Margaret Atwoods Handmaids Tale and Edible Woman. Abstract Acknowledgements Chapter I. Introduction General Background The Argument Literature Review Thesis Outline Approach and Methodology New Historicism Definition of Terms Chapter 2. New Historicism from Foucault to Greenblatt Chapter 3. Foucaltian study of Handmaids Tale Chapter 4. Foucaltian study of Edible Woman Chapter 5. Conclusion Summing up Findings and implications Suggestion for farther reading Bibliography Definition of the Key Terms The below key terms are among many which may use in the present study: Andocentric: centered on the male. The term has been coined by feminist theorist wishing to describe a habit of mind and set of attitudes which are based upon a male perspective and which ignore female experience and interest (Hawthorn 10). Apparatus: Foucault generally uses this term to indicate the various institutional, physical and administrative mechanism and knowledge structure, which enhance and maintain the exercise of power within the social body (Hawthorn 12). Bio-power: Numerous and diverse techniques for achieving the subjugation of bodies and the control of populations (History of Sexuality, Foucault 77). Confession: an important component of bio-power. People are taught that their liberation requires them to tell the truth, to confess it to someone who is more powerful and this truth telling will somehow set them free (Dreyfus and Rabinow p. 141, History of Sexuality, 58-65). Discipline: The methods, which make possible the meticulous control of the operation of the body, which assure the constant subjection of its forces and impose upon it a relation of docility-utility (Discipline and Punishment, Foucault 137). Episteme: a term coin by Foucault and widely used by Derrida, to indicate the totality of relations and laws of transformations uniting all discursive practice at any moment of time. Episteme established rules by the dominant power in a social body that effect individual and their knowledge of true or false (Mills 28). Historicism: a means of working with the problem that all history is history from the perspective of the historian. Historicism is a means of validating for itself the perpetual critical relation at play between history and human sciences (The Order of Things, Foucault 372).all knowledge is rooted in the life, a society and a language that have a history; and it is in that very history that knowledge finds the element enabling with other form of life (The Order of Things, Foucault 372-3) Language or discursive practice: this term refer to historically and culturally specific set of rules for organizing and producing different form of knowledge. It is a matter of rules, which, a bit kind the grammar of language, allow certain statement to be made (Mills 53). Power: power is not a thing but relation, it is not simply repressive but productive, and also it is not simply a property of the state, but exercise throughout the social body (Mills 34). Subject: Foucault uses the term subject in place of the individual, which is structuralisms preferred term for the self, in two ways: He uses the subject as both the grammatical subject, and subject as a verb (Mills 1617).
Wednesday, November 13, 2019
Mary McLeod Bethune Essay -- essays research papers
     Mary McLeod Bethune was an innovative leader because she took a story which was largely latent in the population, equal education rights for black children, and brought it to national prominence through the creation of the Bethune-Cookman college. She was also a visionary leader because of the incredible success she was able to attain in advancing the cause of equal education.      Bethune was such an effective leader because both she completely embodied her story and it became completely central to her life and persona. Bethune was able to embark on her incredible quest because of the educational opportunities she was provided by missionary teachers and therefore dedicated her life to ensuring that every black child had the opportunity to advance and prove themselves through education. In Leading Minds, Howard Gardner describes the many characteristics which comprise his cognitive model of leadership. In this brief biographical excerpt, Bethune meets them all.      One of the characteristics Gardner uses to quantify cognitive leadership is the acquisition of power and the use of this power to implement policy. The segregated and patriarchical nature of the society Bethune lived in made it extremely difficult for her advance herself or her vision of equal opportunity education. However, despite these challenges, she was able to rise to a position of national prominence as a director of the divisi...
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